Diplomatic leadership, as an emerging construct in leadership studies, still lacks a unified and coherent conceptual framework. The present study aimed to explicate and develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for diplomatic leadership through a theoretical approach employing a systematic literature review and thematic analysis methodology. Following a systematic search of relevant keywords in scholarly databases and applying criterion-based selection with stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria, 11 documents meeting the eligibility requirements were ultimately selected. Data analysis resulted in the identification of 133 basic themes, which were subsequently organized into five main categories (antecedents of diplomatic leadership, characteristics of the diplomatic leader, diplomatic leadership process, challenges and barriers, and outcomes of diplomatic leadership) and 17 sub-categories. Findings revealed that diplomatic leadership is a complex, multidimensional, and highly culture-bound phenomenon that requires the simultaneous integration of ethical, strategic, and relational dimensions. This study, for the first time, offers a comprehensive and structured conceptual framework for diplomatic leadership. Theoretically, it enriches the leadership literature; practically, it provides actionable guidance for developing diplomatic leaders in complex and multicultural environments, thereby significantly contributing to conflict resolution, enhancement of inter-organizational collaboration, and the creation of sustainable transformational change.