مطالعات رفتار سازمانی

مطالعات رفتار سازمانی

بررسی نادانی تکثرگرا در سازمان؛ پیشایندها و پسایندها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
دکتری مدیریت رفتار سازمانی استادیار دانشکده مدیریت پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران ،قم،ایران
چکیده
نادانی تکثرگرا، نوعی خطای شناختی است که در آن فرد از ایده یا نظری برخوردار است، اما به‌اشتباه تصور می­کند که اکثریت همکاران او، نظری مخالف آن را دارند. باتوجه‌به تأثیر قابل‌توجه این خطا بر متغیرهای رفتاری فردی، گروهی و سازمانی و عدم‌پرداختن به آن در متون علمی مدیریت در ایران، هدف این مقاله، معرفی این وضعیت، پیشایندهای مؤثر در بروز آن و پسایندهای متأثر از آن در حوزه رفتار سازمانی است. بدین‌منظور، 104 مقاله معتبر بین­المللی بررسی اولیه شد که باتوجه‌به نامناسب‌بودن عنوان، چکیده و محتوای 65 مقاله، تعداد 39 مورد برای بررسی نهایی درنظر گرفته شد. مرور این موارد به بررسی علل و پیامدهای نادانی تکثرگرا می­پردازد و سعی در فهم این متغیر و چگونگی نفوذ آن بر رفتار کارکنان دارد. یافته­های پژوهش نشان می­دهد نادانی تکثرگرا، پدیده­ای پیچیده است که عواملی همچون نفوذ اقلیت و حفظ هویت درون­گروهی (با تأثیر از جمعیت­شناسی رابطه­ای)، اجماع کاذب، یکتایی کاذب و مارپیچ سکوت در بروز آن نقش دارند. همچنین این پدیده، نتایج مهمی مرتبط با رفتار کارکنان در سطح فردی (به‌صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم)، گروهی و سازمانی همراه دارد. فرضیه‌های منتج از مرور ادبیات این مقاله راهگشای مدیران و پژوهشگران به‌منظور شناخت بهتر نادانی تکثرگرا و چگونگی پیشگیری از آن در حوزه تصمیم­گیری سازمانی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Investigating the Pluralist Ignorance in the Organization; Antecedants and Consequences

نویسنده English

Fatemeh Taheri
university of tehran
چکیده English

Pluralistic ignorance is a cognitive error in which an individual has the idea or the theory, but mistakenly assumes that the majority of his colleagues have the opposite view. Regarding the significant effect of this error on individual, group, and organizational behavioral variables and failure to address it in the scientific literature of management in Iran, the purpose of this article is to introduce this situation, its effective antecedents and consequences in the field of organizational behavior. For this purpose, 104 valid international papers were reviewed. Regarding the unsuitable title, abstract and content of 65 articles, 39 items were considered for the final review. Reviewing these cases examines the antecedents and consequences of pluralistic ignorance and attempts to understand how it influences the behavior of employees. The findings of the research show that pluralist ignorance is a complex phenomenon that influences factors such as minority influence and preservation of intra-group identity (influenced by relational demographics), false consensus, false unity and silence spiral in its occurrence. It also has important implications for the behavior of employees at the individual (direct and indirect), group, and organizational levels. Hypotheses resulting from the review of literature is intended to guide managers and researchers in order to better understand the pluralistic ignorance and how to prevent it in the field of organizational decision making.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Pluralistic Ignorance
Social Comparison False
Belief, Decision Making
Ashforth, B. E. & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of management review14(1), 20-39.
Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological monographs: General and applied70(9).1-70.
Bjerring, J. C., Hansen, J. U. & Pedersen, N. J. L. L. (2014). On the rationality of pluralistic ignorance. Synthese, 191(11), 2445-2470.
Buckley, M. R., Harvey, M. G. & Beu, D. S. (2000). The role of pluralistic ignorance in the perception of unethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(4), 353-364.
Chatman, J. A., Polzer, J. T., Barsade, S. G. & Neale, M. A. (1998). Being different yet feeling similar: The influence of demographic composition and organizational culture on work processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 749-780.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations7(2), 117-140.
Fields, J. M. & Schuman, H. (1976). Public beliefs about the beliefs of the public. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40(4), 427-448.
Glynn, C. J. & Huge, M. E. (2014). Speaking in spirals: An updated meta-analysis of the spiral of silence. The spiral of silence: New perspectives on communication and public opinion, 65-72.
Goffman, E. (1978). The presentation of self in everyday life. American Journal of Sociology, 55, 6-7.
Gunther, A. C. & Chia, S. C. Y. (2001). Predicting pluralistic ignorance: The hostile media perception and its consequences. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(4), 688-701.
Halbesleben, J. R. (2000). The role of pluralistic ignorance in public policy issues and political decision making (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma).
Halbesleben, J. R. B. & Buckley, M. R. (2001). Pluralistic ignorance: an overlooked variable in the performance appraisal process. In Annual Meeting of the Southern Management Association, New Orleans, LA.
Halbesleben, J. R. & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Pluralistic ignorance: historical development and organizational applications. Management Decision42(1), 126-138.
Halbesleben, J. R. & Ronald Buckley, M. (2006). Social comparison and burnout: The role of relative burnout and received social support. Anxiety, stress, and coping: An International Journal, 19(3), 259-278.
Halbesleben, J. R., Wheeler, A. R. & Buckley, M. R. (2007). Understanding pluralistic ignorance in organizations: application and theory. Journal of Managerial Psychology22(1), 65-83.
Halbesleben, J.R.B., Sauer, N.S., Salamon, N.D. & Buckley, M.R. (2003). “Pluralistic ignorance in the perception of burnout in priests: implications for burnout theory and research”, working paper, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.
Hansen, J. U. (2012). A logic-based approach to pluralistic ignorance. Proceedings of PhDs in Logic III: College Publications, pp. 67–80.
Harvey, M.G., Novicevic, M.M., Buckley, M.R. & Ferris, G.R. (2001). “A historical perspective on organizational ignorance”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16 No. 6, pp. 449-468.
Hendricks, V. F., Olsson, E. J. & Zenker, F. (2012). Copenhagen-Lund workshop in social epistemology, 2010-2011.
Hogg, M. A. & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication theory16(1), 7-30.
Katz, D., Allport, F. H. & Jenness, M. B. (1931). Students' attitudes; a report of the Syracuse University reaction study.
Miller, D. T. & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Expressing deviant opinions: Believing you are in the majority helps. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology45(4), 740-747.
Moscovici, S. & Lage, E. (1978). Studies in social influence IV: Minority influence in a context of original judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8(3), 349-365.
Miller, D. T. & Prentice, D. A. (1994). Collective errors and errors about the collective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin20(5), 541-550.
Nemeth, C., Brown, K. & Rogers, J. (2001). Devil's advocate versus authentic dissent: Stimulating quantity and quality. European Journal of Social Psychology31(6), 707-720.
Ohbuchi, K. I. & Saito, T. (2007). Cognitive causes of conflict avoidance among Japanese: An approach from pluralistic ignorance. Progress in Asian Social Psychology6, 83-97.
O'gorman, H. J. (1975). Pluralistic ignorance and white estimates of white support for racial segregation. Public Opinion Quarterly39(3), 313-330.
Prentice, D. A. & Miller, D. T. (1993). Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. Journal of personality and social psychology64(2), 243.
Prentice, D. A. & Miller, D. T. (1996). Pluralistic ignorance and the perpetuation of social norms by unwitting actors. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 161-209). Academic Press.
Reiber, C. & Garcia, J. R. (2010). Hooking up: Gender differences, evolution, and pluralistic ignorance. Evolutionary Psychology8(3), p.147-180.
Roccas, S. & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review6(2), 88-106.
Shamir, J. & Shamir, M. (1997). Pluralistic ignorance across issues and over time: Information cues and biases. Public Opinion Quarterly, 227-260.
Swim, J. K., Fraser, J. & Geiger, N. (2014). Teaching the choir to sing: Use of social science information to promote public discourse on climate change. Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law, 30 (1), 91-117.
Swim, J. K., Gervais, S. J., Pearson, N. & Stangor, C. (2009). Managing the message: Using social influence and attitude change strategies to confront interpersonal discrimination. Cambridge University Press.
Trepte, S. (2006). Social identity theory. Psychology of entertainment255- 271.
Tsui, A. S. & O'reilly III, C. A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of management journal32(2), 402-423.
Westphal, J. D. & Bednar, M. K. (2005). Pluralistic ignorance in corporate boards and firms' strategic persistence in response to low firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly50(2), 262-298.
Willer, R., Kuwabara, K. & Macy, M. W. (2009). The false enforcement of unpopular norms. American Journal of Sociology115(2), 451-490.
Williams, K.D. & O’Reilly, C.A. (1998). “Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years of research”, in Cummings, L.L. and Staw, B.M. (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 20, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 77-140.
Wood, A. M., Brown, G. D. & Maltby, J. (2011). Social norm influences on evaluations of the risks associated with alcohol consumption: Applying the rank-based decision by sampling model to health judgments. Alcohol and alcoholism47(1), 57-62.